وَالْكُفْرُ: كُفْرَانٌ؛
كُفْرٌ يُخْرِجُ مِنَ الْمِلَّةِ، وَهُوَ: خَمْسَةُ أَنْوَاعٍ.
اَلنَّوْعُ الْأَوَّلُ كُفْرُ التَّكْذِيبِ،
وَالدَّلِيلُ عَلَيْهِ قَوْلُهُ تَعَالَى:
﴿وَمَنْ أَظْلَمُ مِمَّنِ افْتَرَى عَلَى اللّٰهِ كَذِبًا أَوْ كَذَّبَ بِالْحَقِّ لَمَّا جَاءَهُ أَلَيْسَ فِي جَهَنَّمَ مَثْوًى لِلْكَافِرِينَ.﴾ [العنكبوت: 68]
اَلنَّوْعُ الثَّانِي: كُفْرُ الْإِسْتِكْبَارِ وَالْإِبَاءِ مَعَ التَّصْدِيقِ،
وَالدَّلِيلُ عَلَيْهِ قَوْلُهُ:
﴿وَإِذْ قُلْنَا لِلْمَلاَئِكَةِ اسْجُدُوا لِآدَمَ فَسَجَدُوا إِلاَّ إِبْلِيسَ أَبَى وَاسْتَكْبَرَ وَكَانَ مِنَ الْكَافِرِينَ.﴾ [البقرة: 34]
KUFR (DISBELIEF) AND ITS TYPES[1] Kufr is of two types:1. Al-Kufr’ul Akbar (Major Disbelief)
Kufr (disbelief), which excludes one completely from the Millah (i.e., the nation of Islâm), is of five types[2]:
a. Kufr’ut Takdhîb (Disbelief by Denial & Rejection)
The first type is Kufr’ut Takdhîb (Disbelief by Denial and Rejection), and its evidence is the statement of Allâhu Taâlâ,
“And who is more unjust than he who invents a lie against Allâh or denies the truth when it comes to him? Is there not a dwelling in Hell for the Kâfirûn (disbelievers)?” (al-Ankabût 29/68)
b. Kufr’ul Istikbâri wa’l Ibâ’i ma’at Tasdîq (Disbelief by Pride & Rejection with Affirmation)
The second type is Kufr’ul Istikbâri wa’l Ibâ’i ma’at Tasdîq (Disbelief by Pride and Rejection with Affirmation), and its evidence is the statement of Allâhu Taâlâ,
“And (remember) when We said to the angels, “Prostrate yourselves before Âdam.” And they prostrated except iblîs (satan), he refused and was proud and was one of the disbelievers (disobedient to Allâh).” (al-Baqarah 2/34)اَلنَّوْعُ الثَّالِثُ: كُفْرُ الشَّكِّ وَهُوَ: كُفْرُ الظَّنِّ،
وَالدَّلِيلُ عَلَيْهِ قَوْلُهُ تَعَالَى:
﴿وَدَخَلَ جَنَّتَهُ وَهُوَ ظَالِمٌ لِنَفْسِهِ قَالَ مَا أَظُنُّ أَنْ تَبِيدَ هَذِهِ أَبَدًا. وَمَا أَظُنُّ السَّاعَةَ قَائِمَةً وَلَئِنْ رُدِدْتُ إِلَى رَبِّي لَأَجِدَنَّ خَيْرًا مِنْهَا مُنْقَلَبًا. قَالَ لَهُ صَاحِبُهُ وَهُوَ يُحَاوِرُهُ أَكَفَرْتَ بِالَّذِي خَلَقَكَ مِنْ تُرَابٍ ثُمَّ مِنْ نُطْفَةٍ ثُمَّ سَوَّاكَ رَجُلاً.﴾ [الكهف: 35-37]
اَلنَّوْعُ الرَّابِعُ: كُفْرُ الْإِعْرَاضِ، وَالدَّلِيلُ عَلَيْهِ قَوْلُهُ تَعَالَى:
﴿وَالَّذِينَ كَفَرُوا عَمَّا أُنْذِرُوا مُعْرِضُونَ.﴾ [الأحقاف: 3]
اَلنَّوْعُ الْخَامِسُ: كُفْرُ النِّفَاقِ، اَلدَّلِيلُ عَلَيْهِ قَوْلُهُ تَعَالَى:
﴿ذٰلِكَ بِأَنَّهُمْ آمَنُوا ثُمَّ كَفَرُوا فَطُبِعَ عَلَى قُلُوبِهِمْ فَهُمْ لاَ يَفْقَهُونَ.﴾ [المنافقون: 3]
c. Kufr’ush Shakk (Disbelief by Doubt)
The third type is Kufr’ush Shakk (Disbelief by Doubt) and it is Kufr’udh Dhan (Disbelief by Lacking Conviction), and its evidence is the statement of Allâhu Taâlâ,
“And he entered his garden while he was unjust to himself. He said, “I do not think that this will ever perish. And I do not think the Hour will occur. And even if I should be brought back to my Rabb, I will surely find better than this as a return.” His companion said to him while he was conversing with him, “Have you disbelieved in He who created you from dust and then from a sperm-drop and then proportioned you (as) a man?” (al-Kahf 18/35-37)
d. Kufr’ul I’râdh (Disbelief by Turning away from the Truth)
The fourth type is Kufr’ul I’râdh (Disbelief by Turning away from the Truth) and its evidence is the statement of Allâhu Taâlâ,
“But those who disbelieve turn away from what they were warned of.” (al-Ahqâf 46/3)
e. Kufr’un Nifâq (Disbelief by Hypocrisy)
The fifth type is Kufr’un Nifâq (Disbelief by Hypocrisy), and its evidence is the statement of Allâhu Taâlâ,
“That is because they believed, then disbelieved, therefore their hearts were sealed, so they understand not.” (al-Munâfiqûn 63/3)وَكُفْرٌ أَصْغَرُ لاَ يُخْرِجُ مِنَ الْمِلِّةِ، وَهُوَ: كُفْرُ النِّعْمَةِ، وَالدَّلِيلُ عَلَيْهِ قَوْلُهُ تَعَالَى:
﴿وَضَرَبَ اللّٰهُ مَثَلاً قَرْيَةً كَانَتْ آمِنَةً مُطْمَئِنَّةً يَأْتِيهَا رِزْقُهَا رَغَدًا مِنْ كُلِّ مَكَانٍ فَكَفَرَتْ بِأَنْعُمِ اللّٰهِ فَأَذَاقَهَا اللّٰهُ.﴾ اَلْآيَة [النحل: 112] وَقَوْلُهُ:
﴿إِنَّ الْإِنْسَانَ لَظَلُومٌ كَفَّارٌ.﴾ [إبراهيم: 34]
2. Al-Kufr’ul Asghar (Minor Disbelief)[3] Al-Kufr’ul Asghar (Minor Disbelief) does not exclude one from the Millah (i.e., nation of Islâm), and it is Kufr’un Ni’mah (Disbelief Manifesting itself in Ungratefulness for Allâh's Blessings or Favors). Its evidence is the statement of Allâhu Taâlâ,
“And Allah puts forward the example of a town, that dwelt secure and well content; its provision coming to it in abundance from every place; but it (its people) denied the Favours of Allâh (with ungratefulness). So Allâh made it taste [the extreme of hunger (famine) and fear, because of that which they used to do].[4]” (an-Nahl 16/112)
And His statement,
“… Verily! Man is indeed Dhalûm (an extreme wrong-doer), Kaffâr (an extreme ingrate disbeliever).” (Ibrâhîm 14/34)[5][/size]
ANNOTATIONS: